Labster enzyme kinetics

Bridging the enzymatic kinetics of substrate intake and overall growth phenotypes, this work offers a mechanistic interpretation to the empirical Monod law, and demonstrates the potential of ...

Energy Surfaces Lab work Chem 102 virtual lab report energy surfaces and spontaneous reactions sections describe the overall objective and make hypothesisLabster’s enzyme-kinetics simulation allows students to feel as if they are in a real laboratory. 4 OCTOBER 2018 | VOL 562 | NATURE | S5. SCENCE AN TECNOLO …Labster’s enzyme-kinetics simulation allows students to feel as if they are in a real laboratory. 4 OCTOBER 2018 | VOL 562 | NATURE | S5. SCENCE AN TECNOLO …Introduction to kinetics. Kinetics is the study of reaction rates and how they are affected. Many factors, such as concentration, pressure, temperature, and enzyme activity, can impact the rate of a reaction. For example, a molecule's kinetic energy is directly proportional to its temperature, so increasing the temperature will result in an ...Figure 1b; Extended enzymatic reaction. This mechanism includes 3 individual reactions with three different rate constants: ES → E + P, dissociation of the enzyme and the product, with the rate constant k 2 E S dissociates into E plus P, dissociation of the enzyme and the product, with the rate constant k 2. In the Michaelis-Menten model, it ...V max is dependent on two things: the turnover number or k cat of the enzyme, and the concentration of the enzyme. Vmax = [E] • kcat V max is equal to the enzyme concentration times the k cat. Thus, a higher [E] leads to a higher V max. enzyme concentration leads to a higher V max. The turnover number will be described in more detail on the ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The steady state assumption, as applied to enzyme kinetics, implies:, What is true under the following conditions: the enzyme concentration if 5 nM, the substrate concentration is 5 mM, and the Km is 5 micoM?, Chymotrypsin catalyzes the cleavage of proteins at peptide bonds adjacent to aromatic amino acid residues by using which ...Enzyme kinetics questions. Google Classroom. Given that ∆G'° for the reaction S⇋P is negative in the direction of S→P, reaction equilibrium favors the formation of which substance? Choose 1 answer: P.

A Quick Guide to Enzyme Kinetics & Simulations. This is a simple reference guide to enzyme kinetics, for members of the Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics of the University of Washington, and for anyone else who finds it useful. The guide is divided into two parts: the first discusses enzyme kinetics in terms of … In the Enzyme Kinetics lab, you will access a fully equipped workbench where you can prepare the Alcohol Dehydrogenase reaction and measure the product of Acetylaldehyde using a spectrophotometer. You will learn about the concept of spectrophotometry, how to prepare a master mix and how to calculate dilution. High-pressure processing (HPP) has become the most widely accepted nonthermal food preservation technology. The pressure range for commercial processes is typically around 100–600 MPa, whereas moderate temperature (up to 65 °C) may be used to increase microbial and enzymatic inactivation levels. However, these industrial …Lab 5: Enzyme Kinetics. Provided materials: Here's the best way to solve it. Expert-verified. Share Share. 1) Plot for the table 1. ONP obeys beer's law. Figure in attached exce …. View the full answer.The Mechanism. Ping-pong mechanism, also called a double-displacement reaction, is characterized by the change of the enzyme into an intermediate form when the first substrate to product reaction occurs. It is important to note the term intermediate indicating that this form is only temporary. At the end of the reaction the enzyme MUST be found ...Q-Chat. Created by. hlh35. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is a key factor that affects the reaction rate?, Progress of reaction, Why the progress of enzymatic reactions is not linear? and more. o Competitive specifically binds to the enzyme's active site, having to compete with the substrate. o Uncompetitive bind to the enzyme-substrate at a different site than the active site. o Mixed are a hybrid of the other two. They have the ability to bind to the enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex at a different site of the active site.

Continue your exploration of enzyme kinetics with a focus on Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the steady-state assumption. Explore how enzymes speed up reactions, the role of substrate concentrations, and the importance of the Michaelis constant. Discover how to score an enzyme's catalytic efficiency using Kcat and KM. Created by Ross Firestone.1. Enzyme-Substrate Reaction: You can use a computer simulation to show how enzymes interact with substrates to produce products. This helps students see how the shape of the enzyme facilitates the reaction. 2. pH and Temperature Experiments: By testing different pH levels and temperatures, students can observe their effects on the reaction rate.Learn like to getting a photometers, perform einem enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms. Viewing Lab report enzyme kinetic.docx from BIO 1201L at ASA College. Titles: enzyme kinetic Author: Praopan Yodrabum Lab: Online lab by Labster for BIO 1201L-03 Begin: To investigate theAn uncompetitive inhibitor interacts with the enzyme-substrate complex, but not with the enzyme alone. For uncompetitive inhibition, the double-reciprocal equation is as follows: 1/V 0 = α'/V max + K m /V max • 1/[S] the reciprocal of V 0 equals alpha prime divided by V max plus K m divided by V max times the reciprocal of the substrate's ...Biochemistry: Enzymes and Kinetics. 47 terms. laurenpipesss. Preview. #3. 55 terms. Koolhawk4. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the function of a spectrophotometer?, Which wavelength is optimal to measure NADH?, Define the absorbance value displayed on the spectrophotometer. and more.

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Detailed Description. Models of reaction-diffusion systems consist of bimolecular reactions, enzyme reactions, and diffusion. An enzyme is a molecule that facilitates a reaction or transformation of a substrate molecule into a different molecule (s), known as the product. For example, ATP can be transformed into cAMP + PPi spontaneously at an ...In the Enzyme Kinetics lab, you will access a fully equipped workbench where you can prepare the Alcohol Dehydrogenase reaction and measure the product of Acetylaldehyde using a spectrophotometer. You will learn about the concept of spectrophotometry, how to prepare a master mix and how to calculate dilution.Enzyme Kinetics case progression. Introduction. Module 1: Spectrophotometer and master mix. Module 2: Substrate and enzyme titration. Module 3: pH and temperature optimization. Module 4: ADH wild type vs. mutant. Module 5: Enzyme inhibition. End of case.Spectrophotometer. A spectrometer is an instrument that provides information about the intensity of radiated energy. It determines the ratio between the intensity of light emitted from an internal source and that which passes through a given solution. This ratio can be used to determine the concentration of dissolved molecules in a sample.Labster resources. Check outside all the Labster resources that can get your teaching. Blog Events Case Studies Webinars Podcast. News Guides Explore 3D Assets. Ubisim. Modern. ... Learn instructions to use a spectrophotometer, carry at enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze details and understand different inhibition mechanisms.

Login to access Labster's catalog of virtual lab simulations and teaching resources designed to train the next generation of scientists.Tracy TS (2003) Atypical enzyme kinetics: their effect on in vitro-in vivo pharmacokinetic predictions and drug interactions. Curr Drug Metab 4:341-346 Korzekwa KR, Krishnamachary N, Shou M et al (1998) Evaluation of atypical cytochrome P450 kinetics with two-substrate models: evidence that multiple substrates can simultaneously bind to cytochrome P450 active sites.The fact that intracellular enzyme concentrations exert an important influence on overall growth kinetics has been already discussed (22, 23, 130). (Note that this powered Monod equation differs from the growth model proposed by Moser [cited in reference 199 ]; the influence of enzyme regulation on the kinetics of growth is discussed in more ...ABOUT THE VIRTUAL LAB SIMULATION In the Enzyme Kinetics case, students learn how substrates are converted into products by catalysis. Additionally, students learn about the kinetics of...A unified theory of enzyme kinetics based upon the systematic analysis of the variations of k cat, k m, and k cat /k m and the relevant dG 0 values - Possible implications in chemotherapy and ... Enzyme Kinetics. Martee Larson, Lauren Lindsey Instructor: Samuel Adjei. Section 01. Abstract: Enzymes are biological catalysts of the many reactions that take place in the human body, as well as all other living things. These catalysts can increase the rate at which the reaction takes place, allowing more product to be created in an efficient ... Question: what is the substrate used in the enzyme kinetics lab? 1. formaldehyde2.hydrogen peroxide 3methanol4.ethanol. what is the substrate used in the enzyme kinetics lab? Here’s the best way to solve it. In lab hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is used as a substrate for determining enzy ….Lab 5: Enzyme Kinetics. Provided materials: Here's the best way to solve it. Expert-verified. Share Share. 1) Plot for the table 1. ONP obeys beer's law. Figure in attached exce …. View the full answer.The ammonia that was generated from the nitrogen and hydrogen in liquid form can be extracted to add directly to the soil to increase the production of fertilizer. This fertilizer can be utilized on crops to help prevent a global famine. Reference: 150+ virtual labs for universities and high schools. Labster. (n.). labster/. Lab 8lab 4 Enzyme Kinetics. Term. 1 / 12. enzymes. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 12. * catalysts that speed up a reaction and lower the activation energy without being consumed by the reaction.About Labster Labster is a company dedicated to developing virtual lab simulations that are designed to stimulate students' natural curiosity and highlight the connection between science and the ...

· Enzyme kinetics* · Protein denaturation* Chris Garside: Human Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science: HMB360H1F, Neurogenomics: 3 rd year: 96 students ... Labster virtual labs that were integrated into the participating courses were included in mid term and/or final exam questions. An interesting observation, though not verified by data, was ...

Labster resources. Check out all and Labster resources ensure can accelerate your teaching. Blog Events Lawsuit Graduate Webinars Podcast. News Guides Research 3D Assets. ... Students whereby to use a fluorescent, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms.Find the latest Kinetics Medical Fund (KRXAX) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing.L'analyse cinétique des enzymes. La cinétique enzymatique est l’étude des mécanismes enzymatiques grâce à la détermination des vitesses de réaction dans des conditions variées. La vitesse d’une réaction dépend de plusieurs facteurs, dont la concentration du substrat et de l’enzyme, la température, le pH et la présence d ...Cell Biology - Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report Guidelines Contributions to this lab report should be made by all group members. The group's Team Leader will put the report together and submit it to SafeAssign on Blackboard and complete the Authors Contribution form and email it to the TA. See the guideline below. (Do not simply answer each question. This is designed to give you a starting point ...1. What is the function of a spectrophotome- Measure the amount of light3. Define the absorbance value displayed on It is the logarithmic ratio bethe spectrophotometer.Atomic Structure: Atoms and Isotopes Lab Chem 102 virtual lab report atomic structure (principles): atoms and isotopes this lab report is for you to reflect onPreview. Week 06 Respiration and Enzymes. 30 terms. Katherine3446. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is an enzyme?, What is the purpose of an enzyme kinetics lab?, How does an enzyme speed up the rate of the reaction? and more.Labster resources. Check out all this Labster resources that can accelerate autochthonous teaching. ... Learn select to use a spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibitions mechanisms. Share free summaries, lecture notes, exam ready furthermore more!!Labster's virtual labs empower students to learn science in an interactive and immersive virtual setting that helps them understand how science is applied in the real world. Expand your curriculum, or use virtual labs to train skills and prepare students for the real thing. ... Enzyme Kinetics. Investigate Alcohol Flush Syndrome by studying ...1. What is the function of a spectrophotome- Measure the amount of light3. Define the absorbance value displayed on It is the logarithmic ratio bethe spectrophotometer.

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Investigate Alcohol Rinse Syndrome by studying Alcohol Dehydrogenase kinetics. Students how to use an spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme cyclic experiment, analyze data and understand varied inhibition mechanisms.Kinetic windstream technology is an innovative form of renewable energy that harnesses the power of wind to generate electricity. It works by capturing the kinetic energy in wind a...A Virgo born August 23, symbolized by the Scales, has a mercurial, kinetic charm and a graceful bearing. Learn about August 23 birthday astrology. Advertisement Virgos born on Augu...View W9 labster.docx from BIO 117 at Emilio Aguinaldo College. WEEK 9 BIOCHEMLAB Enzyme Kinetics 1. What is the function of a spectrophotometer? Answer: Measure the amount of light that passesEnzyme Kinetics; In each chapter, you’ll be introduced to one virtual lab simulation and a true-to-life challenge. Following a theory section, you’ll be able to play the relevant simulation that includes quiz questions to reinforce your understanding of the covered topics. 3D animations will show you molecular processes not otherwise ...Investigate Alcohol Flush Disorder by studying Alcohol Dehydrogenase kinetics. Learn how to use a spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, study dates and understand varying inhibition mechanisms. Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching LabEither it is released back to enzyme and free substrate, with rate constant k-1, or else it goes on to make product, with rate constant k 2. In a steady state approximation, the enzyme substrate complex is consumed as soon as it is formed. Again, we don't know how much free enzyme there is. We don't know how much enzyme-substrate complex we have.Atomic Structure: Atoms and Isotopes Lab Chem 102 virtual lab report atomic structure (principles): atoms and isotopes this lab report is for you to reflect on ….

the maximum rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction. velocity = Vmax / ( 1 + ( Km / [substrate] )) low enzyme-substrate affinity. high enzyme-substrate affinity. a modified form of the michaelis-menton equation, derived by taking the reciprocal of both sides of the michaelis-menton equation. why did we do all of our work in a water bath and use ...How the changes in substrate concentration (PNPP), changes in temperature, changes in pH and the presence of one hindrance (phosphate ions) effects the rate about reaction of the responses between PNPP andNow in full color for a more intuitive learning experience, this new edition of the long-selling reference also features a number of new developments in methodology and the application of enzyme kinetics. Starting with a description of ligand binding equilibria, the experienced author goes on to discuss simple and complex enzyme reactions in kinetic terms. Special cases such as membrane-bound ...Now in full color for a more intuitive learning experience, this new edition of the long-selling reference also features a number of new developments in methodology and the application of enzyme kinetics. Starting with a description of ligand binding equilibria, the experienced author goes on to discuss simple and complex enzyme reactions in kinetic terms. Special cases such as membrane-bound ...Titles: enzyme kinetic Author: Praopan Yodrabum Lab: Virtual lab by Labster for BIO 1201L-03 Introduction: To investigate the alcohol, dehydrogenase CADH). enzyme, using spectrophotometer try to determine it is kinetic parameter. This enzyme is important in the manifestation of Alcohol flush syndrome. Mission # 1: Hypothesis: Enzymes are …In this demo virtual lab simulation, you will help Dr. One in identifying a fundamental biological molecule. During your mission, you will watch animations and explore lab equipment in the virtual lab. Navigating through the lab. The virtual lab has lots of advanced equipment for you to explore and experiment with.Virtual Lab Manual Enzyme Kinetics Synopsis In the Enzyme Kinetics Lab, you will learn how substrates are converted into products by catalysis. You will also learn all about the kinetics of enzyme involving the Michaelis- Menten equation and various rate constants, as well as DNA mutation and hyperactivity. You will get to run experiments using the enzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase on a wild and ...S6: Enzyme Kinetics Cell Molecular Biology Labster 5 Co-factor Some enzymes require "helper-molecules" for catalysis to take place. These helper-molecules are called cofactors. Cofactors are non-protein molecules that bind to the enzyme and contribute to reactions in a number of different ways. Co-factors can either be inorganic ions, such as the Zn 2+ … 2. Temperature of reaction mixture. Increasing the temperature of the system usually speeds up chemical reactions. As the temperature increases, the reactant molecules move faster and with higher energy. As a result, they undergo reactions more frequently, thereby increasing the reaction rate. Labster enzyme kinetics, End Repair Enzymes. Two enzymes are typically used for repairing DNA with sticky ends (see Figure 1) Polymerase: Polymerase fills in the missing bases for the strand, in the 5' to 3' direction. The resulting double-stranded DNA will be the same length as the initial longest DNA strand. Exonuclease: Exonuclease removes the 3' overhangs., View enzyme kinetics search.pdf from BIO 1111 at Misamis University. HOME THEORY MEDIA MISSION Welcome to Labster! You are about to start the Enzyme Kinetics simulation. The aim of this simulation is, The ammonia that was generated from the nitrogen and hydrogen in liquid form can be extracted to add directly to the soil to increase the production of fertilizer. This fertilizer can be utilized on crops to help prevent a global famine. Reference: 150+ virtual labs for universities and high schools. Labster. (n.). labster/. Lab 8, Labster chemistry simulations inspire and immerse students in interactive virtual lab environments, where they can solve real problems and play the part of professional scientists. ... We need you to figure out the kinetics and optimize the chemical reaction of the fuel we're using, so we can continue with our experiments. 25. Min. High ..., On this type of graphical representation of enzyme kinetics, the reciprocal of the substrate concentration is plotted against the reciprocal of the reaction velocity. This generates a line in which the x-intercept is then −1/Km − 1 / K m, the y-intercept is 1/Vmax 1 / V m a x, and the slope of the line is Km/Vmax K m / V m a x. Figure 5.3.7 ..., In the Enzyme Kinetics lab, you will access a fully equipped workbench where you able getting the Alcohol Dehydrogenase reaction and measures the product are Acetylaldehyde using a spectrophotometer. You will learn about the concept of spectrophotometry, how into prepare a master mix and how to figure dilution., Michaelis-Menten derivation for simple steady-state kinetics. The Michaelis-Menten equation is a mathematical model that is used to analyze simple kinetic data.The model has certain assumptions, and as long as these assumptions are correct, it will accurately model your experimental data., Related documents. Enzyme Kinetics Lab MT; Basic Chem Thermo Lab MT; Energy Surfaces Lab MT; Atomic SBohr Quantum Lab MT; Separating Mixtures Lab MT; Experiment 16 Pre-Lab, Download scientific diagram | A scene from the enzyme kinetics exercise of the Labster Virtual Lab. This is from publication: Technical and didactic problems of virtual lab exercises in ..., Chemical kinetics is the measurement of how quickly reactions occur. If changes in conditions affect the speed of reaction, we can learn something about how the reaction happens. Kinetic studies are important in understanding reactions, and they also have practical implications. For example, in industry, reactions are conducted in reactors …, Example 10.2.1 10.2. 1: Turnover number of acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) may be one of the fastest enzymes. It hydrolyzes acetylcholine to choline and an acetate group. One of the earliest values of the turnover number was 3 ×107 3 × 10 7 (molecules of acetylcholine) per minute per molecule of enzyme., L'analyse cinétique des enzymes. La cinétique enzymatique est l’étude des mécanismes enzymatiques grâce à la détermination des vitesses de réaction dans des conditions variées. La vitesse d’une réaction dépend de plusieurs facteurs, dont la concentration du substrat et de l’enzyme, la température, le pH et la présence d ..., The enzyme kinetics module is organized in one seminar followed by two laboratory sessions (4 hr each). During the seminar, the principal concepts of basic enzyme kinetics are introduced, including transition state theory, steady state and initial velocity concepts, deduction of Michaelis–Menten equation, and enzyme inhibition., The enzyme ADH from this case requires the co-factor Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, NAD +, in order to function. This co-factor takes up a hydride ion (H -) from the ethanol, leading to the formation of an acetaldehyde. NAD + is reduced to NADH and thereby works as an electron acceptor (see figure 1). NAD + is derived from the vitamin niacin., Enzymes are biological catalysts, and like all catalysts, their properties are studied by measuring their rates of reaction or kinetics. It was recognized in the late nineteenth century that enzymes and their substrates must come together to form a “complex” before a reaction can occur [].This complex, non-covalent in nature, is the …, Labster resources. Check leave all the Labster resources that can accelerate yours teaching. Blog Events Kasten Studies Webinars Podcast. News Guides Research 3D Assets. ... Learn how toward uses a spectrophotometer, perform einer enzyme kinetics examination, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms. Experiment 5: Enzyme ..., Enzymes are large molecules, usually proteins, that bind to certain substrates and redirect them so they can react easily. As a result, the presence of enzymes speeds up reactions and biological processes. 4. Solvent in reaction ... Discover Labster's reaction kinetics Simulation, which allows students to learn about reaction kinetics through ..., An enzyme's K m describes the substrate concentration at which half the enzyme's active sites are occupied by substrate. A high K m means a lot of substrate must be present to saturate the enzyme, meaning the enzyme has low affinity for the substrate. On the other hand, a low K m means only a small amount of substrate is needed to saturate the ..., Labster Enzyme Kinetics. 40 terms. fepl1009. Preview. Lab Assignment 17 Part 2 - Protein Synthesis. 20 terms. sarah_flores516. Preview. lab practical . 44 terms. leahmorgan1526. Preview. prelab #7. 5 terms. nursinggirl2001. Preview. Terms in this set (40) What is the function of a spectrophotometer?, Basic Lab Skills. Bioscience Lab Skills. Chemistry Lab Skills. Chemistry for Engineers. Medical Laboratory Technology. Biomedical Sciences. Discover Labster's award-winning virtual lab catalog for skills training and science theory. Browse simulations in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and more., Advertisement As long as a cell's membrane is intact and it is making all of the enzymes it needs to function properly, the cell is alive. The enzymes it needs to function properly..., Enzyme Kinetics Lab: Quiz 3. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Created by. liamanias. Terms in this set (58) Rate of Reaction. measure of how fast a reaction consumes reactants and generates products. rate. expressed in concentration per unit time ..., The enzyme ADH from this case requires the co-factor Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, NAD +, in order to function. This co-factor takes up a hydride ion (H -) from the ethanol, leading to the formation of an acetaldehyde. NAD + is reduced to NADH and thereby works as an electron acceptor (see figure 1). NAD + is derived from the vitamin niacin., Chemical kinetics is the measurement of how quickly reactions occur. If changes in conditions affect the speed of reaction, we can learn something about how the reaction happens. Kinetic studies are important in understanding reactions, and they also have practical implications. For example, in industry, reactions are conducted in reactors in ..., a molecule upon which an enzyme acts on. Catalyst. chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed by the reaction; Specific enzymes to assist and speed the rate of the reactions. What type of biomolecules can be enzymes? proteins (the proteins vary from enzyme to enzyme, depending on the location and function), Biology. Biology questions and answers. 28. In our enzyme kinetics experiment, we have studied the following reaction... (2pt) a. PEP+ ATP pyruvate + ADP b. ATP + ADP-pyruvate + PEP c. PEP+ ADP-pyruvate + ATP d. pyruvate + ADP-PEP+ ATP 29. Pyruvate reacts with , which absorbs visible light at nm (2pt) a. PEP.510 b., 3.2.3. Modeling Approach as a Key to Enzyme Kinetics. Enzyme kinetic modeling offers essential information for the enzymatic reactions through reactivities of the participating species, which are crucial in designing improved reaction devices, and estimating their performance., ETF strategy - HORIZON KINETICS SPAC ACTIVE ETF - Current price data, news, charts and performance Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks, Either it is released back to enzyme and free substrate, with rate constant k-1, or else it goes on to make product, with rate constant k 2. In a steady state approximation, the enzyme substrate complex is consumed as soon as it is formed. Again, we don't know how much free enzyme there is. We don't know how much enzyme-substrate complex we have., 3.3: Enzyme Kinetics. Page ID. E. V. Wong. Axolotl Academica Publishing. Unlike uncatalyzed (but readily occurring) reactions, in which the rate of the reaction is …, enzymes are biological catalysts. what aspect of reaction do they lower thereby increasing their actually dramatically activation energy -by lowering the activation energy, enzyme accelerate the reaction rate by up to million times faster the enzyme alcohol hydrogenase with its substrates and cofactor (Ethanol and NAD+) NAD+ is a cofactor that is needed for the reaction to take place what is ... , Labster simulations are played in English per default but some of them are localized in other languages. 2 articles. Labster's app. Labster's app is recommended for a better experience with iPad and Chromebook. 3 articles. Finance and Bookstore. In this collection, you can find information on purchasing and invoicing vouchers., S6: Enzyme Kinetics Cell Molecular Biology Labster 5 Co-factor Some enzymes require "helper-molecules" for catalysis to take place. These helper-molecules are called cofactors. Cofactors are non-protein molecules that bind to the enzyme and contribute to reactions in a number of different ways.