Tm calculator neb

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Tm calculator neb. How to use the T m calculator. The calculator calculates recommended T m (melting temperature) of primers and PCR annealing temperature based on the primer pair sequence, primer concentration, and DNA polymerase used in PCR. The calculator also calculates the primer length, percentage of GC content, molecular weight, and extinction …

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Simply input your DNA polymerase, primer concentration and your primer sequence and the Tm Calculator will guide you to successful reaction conditions. NEBuilder ® Protocol Calculator Use this tool to calculate the optimal amounts of input DNA sequences for the NEBuilder ® HiFi assembly reaction given the length and concentration of each ...Use of the NEB Tm Calculator is highly recommended for LunaScript Multiplex One-Step RT-PCR reactions as optimal annealing temperatures tend to be higher for Q5 Hot Start DNA Polymerase. When performing multiplex RT-PCR, use the annealing temperature calculated for the amplicon with the lowest annealing temperature.Online tools. To ensure customer success we have developed freely accessible online tools that support the use of our products, and also compiled a list of other convenient web and mobile apps to complement your labwork. The resources below cover a wide range of research topics, including tools for In-Fusion Cloning, lentiviral transduction ... Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. Select the product group of the polymerase or kit you plan to use. Select the polymerase or kit from the list of products. If needed, modify the recommended primer concentration. Enter primer sequences (with up to 3 ambiguous bases). Jan 29, 2014 · NEBioCalculator joins the growing selection of online tools and Apple ® and Android ™ apps from NEB, which include the popular NEB Tools, ... NEBaseChanger ™, and its Tm Calculator. ... Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. Select the product group of the polymerase or kit you plan to use. Select the polymerase or kit from the list of products. If needed, modify the recommended primer concentration. Enter primer sequences (with up to 3 ambiguous bases).The NEB Tm Calculator should be used to determine the annealing temperature when this enzyme. Typically, use a 10–30 second annealing step at 3°C above the Tm of the lower Tm primer. A temperature gradient can also be used to optimize the annealing temperature for each primer pair. For high Tm primer pairs, two-step cycling …

Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products.The NEB Tm Calculator should be used to determine the annealing temperature when using this enzyme. Typically, use a 10–30 second annealing step at 3°C above the T m of the lower T m primer. A temperature gradient can also be used to optimize the annealing temperature for each primer pair.About our NEB TM Calculator. The calculator is designed for use with NEB PCR products. The first step is to select the NEB PCR product that you plan to use in the PCR reaction. This will help determine the appropriate reaction conditions and the correct formula for calculating the Tm. To use, enter the primer sequences into the calculator. NEB Tm Calculator (tmcalculator.neb.com) TmCalculator. version 1.16.5. HELP ABOUT Tech Support Feedback NEB Overview Site Map. Trademarks Legal and Disclaimers ... Tm API A public Tm API allowing programmatic access to the NEB Tm calculator for incorporation in automated high throughput primer design workflows. NGS Sample Prep & Target Enrichment. NEBNext Index Oligo Selector This tool assists users in selecting barcode combinations when pooling NEBNext ® Multiplex Oligos for Illumina ®.Site-directed Mutagenesis. NEBaseChanger ®. NEBaseChanger can be used to design primers specific to the mutagenesis experiment you are performing using the Q5 Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit. This tool will also calculate a recommended custom annealing temperature based on the sequence of the primers by taking into account any mismatches.

Jan 29, 2014 · NEBioCalculator joins the growing selection of online tools and Apple ® and Android ™ apps from NEB, which include the popular NEB Tools, ... NEBaseChanger ™, and its Tm Calculator. ... NEB LAMP Primer Design Tool can be used to design primers for your Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification. Fixed primers can be specified for the design of LAMP primers, and subsequent Loop primers are then designed based on LAMP primer selection. ... Tm Calculator. Use this tool when designing PCR reaction protocols to help determine the ...Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase is unlike typical, lower fidelity PCR enzymes. To determine the optimal annealing temperatures for a given set of primers, use of the NEB Tm Calculator is highly recommended. This kit contains a sufficient supply of master mix and nuclease-free water to perform 50 polymerase chain reactions (NEB #E0555S) or 200 ...Recalculate primer Tm values using the NEB Tm calculator; Test an annealing temperature gradient, starting at 5°C below the lower Tm of the primer pair; Poor primer design: Check specific product literature for recommended primer design; Verify that primers are non-complementary, both internally and to each other; Increase length of primerHow to use the T m calculator. The calculator calculates recommended T m (melting temperature) of primers and PCR annealing temperature based on the primer pair sequence, primer concentration, and DNA polymerase used in PCR. The calculator also calculates the primer length, percentage of GC content, molecular weight, and extinction …Choose a DNA, RNA, qPCR calculator from NEB, a leader in production and supply of reagents for the life science industry.

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With a little digging and basic math, students can gain a clearer picture of the real cost of college. Here's how to calculate college costs. The College Investor Student Loans, In...Tm API A public Tm API allowing programmatic access to the NEB Tm calculator for incorporation in automated high throughput primer design workflows. NGS Sample Prep & Target Enrichment. NEBNext Index Oligo Selector This tool assists users in selecting barcode combinations when pooling NEBNext ® Multiplex Oligos for Illumina ®.Nicole Nichols, PhD: Most primer design tools, or Oligo manufacturers, will calculate melting temperatures or Tm's, based on a standard set of conditions. The Tm can then be adjusted to get an annealing temperature, or Ta, for your particular reaction. There are options to modify the standard conditions so that it reflects the actual PCR buffer ...Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. Select the product group of the polymerase or kit you plan to use. Select the polymerase or kit from the list of products. If needed, modify the recommended primer concentration. Enter primer sequences (with up to 3 ambiguous bases).How to use the T m calculator. The calculator calculates recommended T m (melting temperature) of primers and PCR annealing temperature based on the primer pair sequence, primer concentration, and DNA polymerase used in PCR. The calculator also calculates the primer length, percentage of GC content, molecular weight, and extinction …

Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase is unlike typical, lower fidelity PCR enzymes. To determine the optimal annealing temperatures for a given set of primers, use of the NEB T m Calculator is highly recommended. Q5-High Fidelity 2X Master Mix formats allow robust amplification of a broad range of targets with a single formulation.For this study, we sought to determine how our typical, of-the-shelf, ultra-high fidelity Q5 DNA Polymerase products performed in multiplex PCR. Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase is composed of a novel polymerase that is fused to the proces-sivity-enhancing Sso7d DNA binding domain, improving speed, fidelity and reliability of per-formance.the Tm calculator found on the NEB website at tmcalculator.neb.com. General Recommendations for Design of Overlapping Primers To achieve efficient assembly of PCR fragments into a vector, we suggest using a 15–25 nt overlap with a Tm equal to or greater than 48°C (assuming A-T pair = 2°C and G-C pair = 4°C).Calculating your net worth is one of the most important steps to take along your financial independence journey. Here's how. Over time, tracking your net worth will show you how co...OligoAnalyzer™ Tool. Understand the expected properties of your oligos before you order them. Calculator for GC content, melting temperature (T m ), molecular weight, …The NEB Tm Calculator should be used to determine the annealing temperature when using this enzyme. Typically, use a 10–30 second annealing step at 3°C above the T m of the lower T m primer. A temperature gradient can also be used to optimize the annealing temperature for each primer pair.Please enter standards first to establish a standard curve. Formula. Slope (m), intercept (b) and R-squared determined by linear regression of Cq vs Log (amount). Efficiency = 10 (-1/m) − 1. Concentration = 10 ( (Cq − b)/m) Choose a DNA, RNA, qPCR calculator from NEB, a leader in production and supply of reagents for the life science industry.First, click on the ligation calculator module. Enter 2 kb for your DNA insert length, and 6 kb for your vector DNA length, making sure that the units selected are correct. We recommend 27 femtomoles of the vector to ensure you have enough DNA ends to conduct a successful ligation. Using the NEBioCalculator double-stranded DNA mass to moles ...Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. Select the product group of the polymerase or kit you plan to use. Select the polymerase or kit from the list of products. If needed, modify the recommended primer concentration. Enter primer sequences (with up to 3 ambiguous bases).Annealing: Optimal annealing temperatures for Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase tend to be higher than for other PCR polymerases. The NEB Tm Calculator should be used to determine the annealing temperature when using this enzyme. Typically use a 10–30 second annealing step at 3°C above the T m of the lower T m primer.The NEB Tm Calculator should be used to determine the annealing temperature when this enzyme. Typically, use a 10–30 second annealing step at 3°C above the Tm of the lower Tm primer. A temperature gradient can also be used to optimize the annealing temperature for each primer pair.Dec 13, 2013 · The NEB Tm Calculator should be used to determine the annealing temperature when using this enzyme. Typically, use a 10–30 second annealing step at 3°C above the T m of the lower T m primer. A temperature gradient can also be used to optimize the annealing temperature for each primer pair.

Choose a DNA, RNA, qPCR calculator from NEB, a leader in production and supply of reagents for the life science industry.

Calculating your net worth is one of the most important steps to take along your financial independence journey. Here's how. Over time, tracking your net worth will show you how co... Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. Select the product group of the polymerase or kit you plan to use. Select the polymerase or kit from the list of products. If needed, modify the recommended primer concentration. Enter primer sequences (with up to 3 ambiguous bases). Tm API A public Tm API allowing programmatic access to the NEB Tm calculator for incorporation in automated high throughput primer design workflows. NGS Sample Prep & Target Enrichment. NEBNext Index Oligo Selector This tool assists users in selecting barcode combinations when pooling NEBNext ® Multiplex Oligos for Illumina ®. Nicole Nichols, PhD: Most primer design tools, or Oligo manufacturers, will calculate melting temperatures or Tm's, based on a standard set of conditions. The Tm can then be adjusted to get an annealing temperature, or Ta, for your particular reaction. There are options to modify the standard conditions so that it reflects the actual PCR buffer ...Formula. moles ssRNA (mol) = mass of ssRNA (g)/ ( (length of ssRNA (nt) x 320.47 g/mol) + 18.02 g/mol) moles of ssRNA ends = moles ssRNA (mol) RNA copy number = moles of ssRNA x 6.022e23 molecules/mol. Note: nucleic acid MW calculations were revised to assume deprotonated phosphate hydroxyls. Choose a DNA, RNA, qPCR calculator from NEB, a ...Step 1. Select a Promega Primer. OR. Enter Oligo Sequence. Step 2. Primer Concentration (nM) Step 3. Set salt and Mg++ by selecting a product or entering concentration values. … Please enter standards first to establish a standard curve. Formula. Slope (m), intercept (b) and R-squared determined by linear regression of Cq vs Log (amount). Efficiency = 10 (-1/m) − 1. Concentration = 10 ( (Cq − b)/m) Choose a DNA, RNA, qPCR calculator from NEB, a leader in production and supply of reagents for the life science industry. Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase is unlike typical, lower fidelity PCR enzymes. To determine the optimal annealing temperatures for a given set of primers, use of the NEB T m Calculator is highly recommended. Q5-High Fidelity 2X Master Mix formats allow robust amplification of a broad range of targets with a single formulation.

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Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. Select the product group of the polymerase or kit you plan to use. Select the polymerase or kit from the list of products. If needed, modify the recommended primer concentration. Enter primer sequences (with up to 3 ambiguous bases).NEB’s Tm Calculator. Figure 1: Q5 Blood Direct 2X Master Mix enables robust amplification direct from whole or dried blood. PCR was performed using Q5 Blood Direct 2X Master Mix under standard recommended conditions with 35 cycles of amplification. Yield and purity were quantitated by microfluidic LabChip® analysis and are indicated by …Calculating your net worth is one of the most important steps to take along your financial independence journey. Here's how. Over time, tracking your net worth will show you how co...The following guide can be used to troubleshoot PCR reactions. Use our Tm calculator to help plan experiments and click here for optimization tips. Observation. Possible Cause. Solution. Sequence Errors. Low fidelity polymerase. Choose a higher fidelity polymerase such as Q5 ® ( NEB #M0491 ), Phusion ® ( NEB #M0530) DNA Polymerases.The NEB Tm calculator is designed to recommend optimal annealing temperatures for primer pairs. To get Tm values for a list of single primers, enter them one per line (ID1; Sequence1). The software will process the line as having an invalid second primer and will not calculate a Ta, but will calculate the Tm of the first primer.Ligation Calculator. This tool will calculate the mass of insert required at several molar insert:vector ratios in the range needed for typical ligation reactions. Choose a DNA, RNA, qPCR calculator from NEB, a leader in production and supply of reagents for the life science industry. How to use the T m calculator. The calculator calculates recommended T m (melting temperature) of primers and PCR annealing temperature based on the primer pair sequence, primer concentration, and DNA polymerase used in PCR. The calculator also calculates the primer length, percentage of GC content, molecular weight, and extinction coefficient. The NEB Tm Calculator is recommended to calculate an appropriate annealing temperature. When primers with annealing temperatures above 65°C are used, a 2-step PCR protocol is possible (see #10). Extension: The recommended extension temperature is 68°C.Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. Instructions. Select the product group of the polymerase or kit you plan to use. Select the polymerase or kit from the list of products. If needed, modify the recommended primer concentration. ….

NEBioCalculator joins the growing selection of online tools and Apple ® and Android ™ apps from NEB, which include the popular NEB Tools, ... NEBaseChanger ™, and its Tm Calculator. ...Jan 29, 2014 · NEBioCalculator joins the growing selection of online tools and Apple ® and Android ™ apps from NEB, which include the popular NEB Tools, ... NEBaseChanger ™, and its Tm Calculator. ... Optimal Quantities. NEB recommends a total of 0.03–0.2 pmols of DNA fragments when 1 or 2 fragments are being assembled into a vector, and 0.2–0.5 pmols of DNA fragments when 4–6 fragments are being assembled. Efficiency of assembly decreases as the number or length of fragments increases. To calculate the number of pmols of each fragment ...Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. Select the product group of the polymerase or kit you plan to use. …Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. Instructions. Select the product group of the polymerase or kit you plan to use. Select the polymerase or kit from the list of products. If needed, modify the recommended primer concentration. Enter primer sequence pairs (max 3 ambiguities/seq).The following guide can be used to troubleshoot PCR reactions. Use our Tm calculator to help plan experiments and click here for optimization tips. Observation. Possible Cause. Solution. Sequence Errors. Low fidelity polymerase. Choose a higher fidelity polymerase such as Q5 ® ( NEB #M0491 ), Phusion ® ( NEB #M0530) DNA Polymerases.Use the NEB Tm calculator to determine the optimal annealing temperature ; Primer pairs should have T m s within 5°C of each other; Avoid secondary structure (i.e., hairpins) within each primer and potential dimerization between the primers present; When engineering sites into the end of primers, 4-6 extra bases should be added 5´ to the siteNEB Tm Calculator. Other Tools. Another great online tool from New England Biolabs INC. NEB Tm Calculator is used to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature in NEB PCR products. The tool fields are: Product Group: select a value from Q5, Q5 Hot Start, Q5U Hot Start, OneTaq, OneTaq Hot Start, Hot Start Taq, Taq DNA Polymerase, LongAmp Taq ... Tm calculator neb, Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity 2X Master Mix is unlike typical, lower fidelity PCR enzymes. To determine the optimal annealing temperatures for a given set of primers, use of the NEB Tm Calculator is highly recommended. Q5-High Fidelity 2X Master Mix formats allow robust amplification of a broad range of targets with a single formulation., 1. Enter values for standards. 2. Enter values for each library. Please enter standards first to establish a standard curve. Slope (m), intercept (b) and R-squared determined by linear regression of Cq vs Log (conc). Choose a DNA, RNA, qPCR calculator from NEB, a leader in production and supply of reagents for the life science industry. , Online tools. To ensure customer success we have developed freely accessible online tools that support the use of our products, and also compiled a list of other convenient web and mobile apps to complement your labwork. The resources below cover a wide range of research topics, including tools for In-Fusion Cloning, lentiviral transduction ..., The most sophisticated T m calculations take into account the exact sequence and base stacking parameters, not just the base composition (1,2,3). The equation used is: Tm = ΔH kcal ∘ C × Mol ΔS + R In ( [primer] / 2) − 273.15 ∘ C. Δ H is the enthalpy of base stacking interactions adjusted for helix initiation factors (3,4)., Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. , How to use the T m calculator. The calculator calculates recommended T m (melting temperature) of primers and PCR annealing temperature based on the primer pair sequence, primer concentration, and DNA polymerase used in PCR. The calculator also calculates the primer length, percentage of GC content, molecular weight, and extinction coefficient., Manufactured and quality-controlled at New England Biolabs, Thermo Scientific ® Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase offers both high fidelity and robust performance. 50X higher fidelity than Taq. Robust reactions - maximal success with minimal optimization. Offered with multiple buffers for customized reaction setup for different DNA templates., Here are five basic tips for setting up your PCR. First, make sure to choose a polymerase that matches your needs. If you are unsure which polymerase will meet your specific needs, please consult the DNA polymerase selection chart at ConfidentPCR.com. Second, take time to design your primers carefully. This will help reduce the amount of time ..., Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products., NEB Tm Calculator. Other Tools. Another great online tool from New England Biolabs INC. NEB Tm Calculator is used to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature in NEB PCR products. The tool fields are: Product Group: select a value from Q5, Q5 Hot Start, Q5U Hot Start, OneTaq, OneTaq Hot Start, Hot Start Taq, Taq DNA Polymerase, LongAmp Taq ..., How to use the T m calculator. The calculator calculates recommended T m (melting temperature) of primers and PCR annealing temperature based on the primer pair sequence, primer concentration, and DNA polymerase used in PCR. The calculator also calculates the primer length, percentage of GC content, molecular weight, and extinction …, Optimal Quantities. NEB recommends a total of 0.03–0.2 pmols of DNA fragments when 1 or 2 fragments are being assembled into a vector, and 0.2–0.5 pmols of DNA fragments when 4–6 fragments are being assembled. Efficiency of assembly decreases as the number or length of fragments increases. To calculate the number of …, How to use the T m calculator. The calculator calculates recommended T m (melting temperature) of primers and PCR annealing temperature based on the primer pair sequence, primer concentration, and DNA polymerase used in PCR. The calculator also calculates the primer length, percentage of GC content, molecular weight, and extinction …, Please use NEB’s Tm Calculator to determine the appropriate annealing temperature for your primer pair and NEB polymerase/buffer of interest. Unlike other calculators, the NEB Tm Calculator takes into consideration buffer components that affect melting temperatures and empirical observations when calculating the optimal annealing …, Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. NEB Tm Calculator (tmcalculator.neb.com) TmCalculator. version {{appVersion}} HELP ABOUT Tech Support Feedback NEB Overview Site Map. Trademarks Legal and Disclaimers ..., The most sophisticated T m calculations take into account the exact sequence and base stacking parameters, not just the base composition (1,2,3). The equation used is: Tm = ΔH kcal ∘ C × Mol ΔS + R In ( [primer] / 2) − 273.15 ∘ C. Δ H is the enthalpy of base stacking interactions adjusted for helix initiation factors (3,4)., Choose a DNA, RNA, qPCR calculator from NEB, a leader in production and supply of reagents for the life science industry. NEBioCalculator. version 1.15.5. HELP ABOUT Go Back. NEBioCalculator v1.15.5 ... FEEDBACK now links to the NEB Technical Support form rather than launch an email client. v1.7.0 September 6, 2017. In the OD260 module, …, NEBioCalculator joins the growing selection of online tools and Apple® and Android™ apps from NEB, which include the popular NEB Tools, Double Digest Finder and Enzyme Finder, as well as NEBuilder®, NEBaseChanger™, and its Tm Calculator. , The following guide can be used to troubleshoot PCR reactions. Use our Tm calculator to help plan experiments and click here for optimization tips. Observation. Possible Cause. Solution. Sequence Errors. Low fidelity polymerase. Choose a higher fidelity polymerase such as Q5 ® ( NEB #M0491 ), Phusion ® ( NEB #M0530) DNA Polymerases., Simply input your DNA polymerase, primer concentration and your primer sequence and the Tm Calculator will guide you to successful reaction conditions. NEBuilder ® Protocol Calculator Use this tool to calculate the optimal amounts of input DNA sequences for the NEBuilder ® HiFi assembly reaction given the length and concentration of each ..., Site-directed Mutagenesis. NEBaseChanger ®. NEBaseChanger can be used to design primers specific to the mutagenesis experiment you are performing using the Q5 Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit. This tool will also calculate a recommended custom annealing temperature based on the sequence of the primers by taking into account any mismatches., OligoAnalyzer™ Tool. Understand the expected properties of your oligos before you order them. Calculator for GC content, melting temperature (T m ), molecular weight, …, Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase is unlike typical, lower fidelity PCR enzymes. To determine the optimal annealing temperatures for a given set of primers, use of the NEB T m Calculator is highly recommended. Q5-High Fidelity 2X Master Mix formats allow robust amplification of a broad range of targets with a single formulation., The Tm of the 3´ gene-specific sequence of the primer can be calculated using the Tm calculator found on the NEB website at tmcalculator.neb.com. General Recommendations for Design of Overlapping Primers To achieve efficient assembly of PCR fragments into a vector, we suggest using a 15–30 nt overlap with a Tm equal to or greater than 48°C, Please use NEB’s Tm Calculator to determine the appropriate annealing temperature for your primer pair and NEB polymerase/buffer of interest. Unlike other calculators, the NEB Tm Calculator takes into consideration buffer components that affect melting temperatures and empirical observations when calculating the optimal annealing temperature., Ligation Calculator. This tool will calculate the mass of insert required at several molar insert:vector ratios in the range needed for typical ligation reactions. Choose a DNA, RNA, qPCR calculator from NEB, a leader in production and supply of reagents for the life science industry., Use the NEB Tm calculator to determine the optimal annealing temperature ; Primer pairs should have T m s within 5°C of each other; Avoid secondary structure (i.e., hairpins) within each primer and potential dimerization between the primers present; When engineering sites into the end of primers, 4-6 extra bases should be added 5´ to the site , Gibson Assembly® Protocol (E5510) Protocols.io also provides an interactive version of this protocol where you can discover and share optimizations with the research community.. Optimal Quantities NEB recommends a total of 0.02–0.5 pmols of DNA fragments when 1 or 2 fragments are being assembled into a vector and 0.2–1.0 …, Please use NEB’s Tm Calculator to determine the appropriate annealing temperature for your primer pair and NEB polymerase/buffer of interest. Unlike other …, Use the NEB Tm Calculator to estimate an appropriate annealing temperature when using NEB PCR products. Select the product group of the polymerase or kit you plan to use. Select the polymerase or kit from the list of products. If needed, modify the recommended primer concentration. Enter primer sequences (with up to 3 ambiguous bases)., In today’s fast-paced world, staying connected is more important than ever. Whether it’s for work or personal reasons, having a reliable and affordable way to make unlimited calls ..., the Tm calculator found on the NEB website at tmcalculator.neb.com. General Recommendations for Design of Overlapping Primers To achieve efficient assembly of PCR fragments into a vector, we suggest using a 15–25 nt overlap with a Tm equal to or greater than 48°C (assuming A-T pair = 2°C and G-C pair = 4°C)., How to use the T m calculator. The calculator calculates recommended T m (melting temperature) of primers and PCR annealing temperature based on the primer pair sequence, primer concentration, and DNA polymerase used in PCR. The calculator also calculates the primer length, percentage of GC content, molecular weight, and extinction …